Who do you think came up with the idea for the Paralympics (残奥会)？The man who organized the sporting events which became the Paralympic Games1was a doctor，Ludwig Guttmann.

      In  his  teens，Ludwig  Guttmann  was  interested  in medicine and worked as a2in a hospital.Then he3from medical school and became a doctor when he was 25 years old.

        Ludwig Guttmann4a successful career for the next  few years.5 ， because Ludwig Guttmann and his family  were Jews，life in Germany was becoming very6for them. In 1938 Ludwig Guttmann7to the UK with his  family where he continued his research8the best way to  treat patients.

      The Second World War was going on and there were a lot of soldiers9in the fighting.Often they10the use of their legs and needed11and help.The disabled soldiers were often12and angry for they couldn't really live a normal life.Ludwig Guttmann used his new13to look after their injuries and he also tried to give them emotional strength.

       Ludwig Guttmann14taking part in sports could help a person's body as well as his mind and began to use15 as a treatment to help his patients.He wanted to give them back their self­respect and dignity and16them to take part in sports.

       In 1948 the hospital held a sporting event called “The International Wheelchair Games”．By 1952 the event began to17bigger with disabled athletes from other countries attending.By 1960 the games were called the International Stoke Mandeville  Games  and they  were  held  in  Rome alongside the18Summer Olympics.By 1968 there were 750 athletes from 29 different countries.Ludwig Guttmann himself died in 1980，even19the games were called “Paralympics”，but there is no20that he is the founder and father of the Paralympic Games.It's thanks to his hard work that we are all able to enjoy the Paralympics.

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      400­year­old plants from the Little Ice Age were brought back to life, which could help us understand how the Earth will deal with climate change.

      Moss (藓类植物) found buried beneath the Teardrop Glacier (冰川) on Ellesmere Island in Canada has been brought back to life. Findings suggest that these plants could help repopulate regions exposed by melting ice caps. Plants that were buried beneath thick ice in Canada more than 400 years ago and were thought to have frozen to death have been brought back to life by Canadian scientists.

       Samples of the moss plant, covered by the glacier during the Little Ice Age of 1550 to 1850, were replanted in a lab at the University of Alberta and grew new stems (茎). Researchers now think these findings can give indication as to how regions can recover as the ice covering them melts.

      Biologist Dr. Catherine La Farge and her team at the University of Alberta were exploring the region around the Teardrop Glacier on Ellesmere Island. Ice on Ellesmere Island region has been melting at around four meters each year for the past nine years. This means that many areas of land that were previously covered by ice have since been exposed. Many ecosystems that were thought to have been destroyed during the Little Ice Age between 1550 and 1850 can now be studied, including many species that have never been studied before.

      While examining an exposed area of land, La Farge and her team discovered a small area of moss called Aulacomnium turgidum. It is a type of bryophyte (苔藓类植物) plant that mainly grows across Canada, the U．S. and the highlands of the U．K.

      Dr. La Farge noticed that the moss had small patches of green stems, suggesting it is either growing again or can be encouraged to repopulate. Dr. La Farge told the BBC, “When we looked at the samples in detail and brought them to the lab, I could see some of the stems actually had new growth of green branches, suggesting that these plants were growing again, and that blew_my_mind. When we think of thick areas of ice covering the landscape, we've always thought that plants have to come from refugia (濒绝生物保护区), never considering that land plants come from underneath a glacier. It's a whole world of what's coming out from underneath the glacier that really needs to be studied. The ice is disappearing pretty fast. We really have not examined all the biological systems that exist in the world; we don't know it all.”

       Dr. La Farge took samples of the moss and, using carbon­dating techniques, discovered that the plants date back to the Little Ice Age. Dr. La Farge's team took the samples, planted them in dishes full of nutrient­rich potting soil and fed them with water.

      The samples were from four separate species including Aulacomnium turgidum, Distichium capillaceum, Encalypta procera and Syntrichia ruralis. The moss plants found by Dr. La Farge are types of bryophytes. Bryophytes can survive long winters and regrow when the weather gets warmer.

       However, Dr. La Farge was surprised that the plants buried under ice have survived into the 21st century. Her findings appear in Proceedings (论文集) of the National Academy of Sciences.

       More students than ever before are taking a gap year (间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the "year off”between school and university. The gap­year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.

      This year,25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS).

      That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well­planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible, " he said.

      But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods,”he said.

        There are two factors (determine) an individual's intelligence. The first is thesort of brain he is born . Human brains differ (consider), some beingmore capable than others.

howevergood a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low intelligenceunless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens tothe individual—the sort of environment he is brought up. If an individualis handicapped(受阻碍)environmentally, itis (like) that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain thelevel of intelligence of which he is capable.

        Theimportance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can(show) by the case of the twins, Peter and Mark. When the twins were threemonths old, parents died, andthey were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was brought up by parents oflow intelligence with poor (education) opportunities. Mark was educated inthe home of well­to­do parents had been to college. This environmentaldifference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they weregiven tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I．Q. was 125, twenty­five points higherthan the average and fully forty points higher than his twin brother.

—I'm afraid not. Some problems were not as easy as they________．

—I reacted strongly________it.