The First Americans

    There was a time long ago when a land bridge connected Asia and North America. The first settlers in North America crossed this land bridge from what is now Siberia to Alaska. The people who made this initial crossing were probably following the animals they used for food.

    Finally, the oceans rose and the land bridge between the continents disappeared. The settlers, who I shall call the “First Americans”， could not return to their homeland.

    For the next few thousand years, the First Americans moved south and east throughout North and South America. They made the journey all the way from Alaska to the southern tip of South America, a distance of more than 10,000 miles.

    In the far north, above the Arctic Circle, the First Americans became hunters of the ocean.In the summer, they gathered berries and other plants. In the winter, they stayed in lodges much of the time preparing for the next summer. It was a hard life, but they learned to survive in these terrible conditions.

    Farther south, in what is now Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, the First Americans became cliff dwellers. They began by living in caves that already existed in the cliffs.The dwellings they built in many ways resembled today's apartment buildings.

     They built a system of dams and canals so they could store and use water almost any time of the year. They were so successful that they could raise fruits and vegetables that were not found naturally in the desert.

A．They also discovered foods like corn and potatoes.

B．Along the way, they established many different civilizations.

C．They discovered how to add to the caves by building structures of wood and stone.

D．People living near each other tended to share similar environments and customs.

E．They built boats of animal skins and hunted or fished for their food.

F．They would have to survive in the New World they had discovered.

G．The First Americans of the Southwest learned to water the desert.

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改 10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

    Most students go to Internet bars play video games, that takes much of their precious time. Some students even stayed in Internet bars day and night, forgot their studies. No doubt these students will finally end up with their bright future destroy. Furthermore, some student log onto unhealthy websites accidental. And they are finally absorbed to the excitement of reading unhealthy stories or watching dirty videos. All these are harmful to the teenagers and if only this is not controlled or the use of the Internet is not properly guided, some of us will go the wrong way.

结合语境，根据汉语或首字母提示用单词的适当形式填空。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：

1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

Once a king asked an artist to paint a picture by him. He told the artist he didn't want to

any shadows in picture, just sunshine. When the king saw the finish picture, he was

disappointed. Without shadows, everything in the picture looked flat or unreal. The point of the

story was that we need both shadows and sunshine to have a completely picture, just as we

need both rain and sun to have a living world. People, too, needs both sadness and happiness.

We often learn important lesson during sad times. So when we feel sad, we should try to think

about that we might learn from the experience.

任务型阅读

    There are two basic ways to see growth：one as a product，the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external(外在的)result or a product that can easily be identified and measured.The worker who gets a rise，the student whose grades improve，the foreigner who learns a new language—all these examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

    By contrast(对照)，the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine，since it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itself，but the attitudes，feelings people have，and their caution or courage，as they meet with new experiences and unexpected difficulties.In this process，the journey never really ends；there are always new ways to experience the world，new ideas to try，new challenges to accept.

In order to grow，to travel new roads，people need to have a willingness to take risks，to face the unknown，and to accept the possibility that they may"fail"at first.How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is necessary for our ability to grow.Do we see ourselves as quick and curious？If so，we tend to take more chances and be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive？Then our sense of fear can cause us to hesitate，to move slowly，and we think we are slow to adapt(适应)change or that we're not smart enough to deal with a new challenge.Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

    These feelings of insecurity(不安全)and self­doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.If we protect ourselves too much，then we stop growing.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

①, ②,③,④,⑤,

⑥,⑦,⑧,⑨,⑩,

     “Plants were expected to get larger with increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere, but  changes in temperature, humidity and nutrient availability seem to trumped the benefits of  increased carbon dioxide，” said researchers from the National University of Singapore.

    45 percent of the species studied now reach smaller adult sizes than they did in the past. The  researchers pointed out that warmer temperatures and changing habitats, caused by climate  change, are possible reasons for shrinking creatures.

     “We do not yet know the mechanisms involved, or why some organism are getting smaller while others are unaffected，” the researchers said. “Until we understand more, we could be risking negative consequences that we can't yet quantify.”

    The change was big in cold­blooded animals. Only two decades of warmer temperatures were enough to make reptiles smaller. An increase of 1 degree centigrade caused nearly a 10 percent increase in metabolism (新陈代谢). Greater use of energy resulted in tiny tortoises and little lizards. Fish are smaller now too. Though overfishing has played a part in reducing numbers, experiments show that warmer temperatures also stop fish growth. There is a recent report on warmer temperatures' negative effects on plankton, the base of the marine ecosystem.

    Warm­blooded animals weren't immune from the size change caused by climate change. Many birds are now smaller. Mammals have been miniaturized too. Soay sheep are thinner. Red deer are weaker. And polar bears are smaller, compared with historical records.

    This is not the first time this has happened in Earth's history. 55 million years ago, a warming event similar to the current climate change caused bees, spiders and ants to shrink by 50 to 75 percent over several thousand years. That event happened over a long time than the current climate change.

    The speed of modern climate change could mean organisms may not respond or adapt quickly enough, especially those with long generation times. So, it is likely that more negative influences of climate change will be shown in future.

    You've flown halfway around the world；you've sniffed out this place that nobody in Falongland or Thailand seems to have ever heard of；so what on earth is there to do here？You consider this question as you sink into an old wooden beach chair that holds you above the sand.

It was a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee.By the time you found the bus station and got yourself sorted out，it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland.

    Huaplee is located just south of Hua Hin，about two hundred kilometres from Bangkok，down the west side of the Gulf of Thailand. Not many tourists find this place，and the ones that do wonder if finding it has been their purpose all along.

    There's an apparent laziness that surrounds you here.It's what this place offers，and it's free of charge.The small waves that tap the shoreline seem to slow everything down.You settle into your beach chair in preparation for a long rest.You sit there and watch the sea.

    It's early afternoon，so the cook comes out and asks what you'd like to eat this evening.Before long he's rushed off to the market to buy the ingredients for whatever it was that you ordered－every meal fresh and to order.No menu here.

    There is no poolside noise here but just that wonderfully warm，clear blue sea.There's no street noise.The only sounds are the murmurs of nature.

    For now you just count your blessings (福祉)，listing them in the sand with your toe (脚趾)．You don't have to worry about being late for work. You don't have to do anything.

    The beach to your right stretches off to the horizon (地平线)，slowly narrowing to nothingness only to reemerge again on your left，now steadily widening until it covers the chair beneath you.Sand to your left and sand to your right; it's unbroken，endless.No start，no end，just sand，sun，and peace.Step off it，and you re­enter the world of traffic，stress，work，and hurry.

    Normally you're the type who can't sit still for more than ten minutes，but you're on Huaplee Lazy Beach now and，in the right frame of mind，it stretches all the way around the world.

     “How could it take me so long to find it？” you wonder.

A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists()have argued that this"play"is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.

Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,itfalls to the ground—and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).

Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn't like Dove chocolate.

Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort —the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, "It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children."

    I was born is Schuyler County, Illinois. I 1 the first twelve years there. My parents 2on a farm about three miles southwest of the county. Living in the county, it was quite a 3 to go to town. 4 a circus would come to  Rushville, and my father and mother would take my sister, Edith, and me to 5 the sights.

    But the one situation that still remains so 6 in my mind was being privileged to see the play, Uncle Tom's Cabin. I was about five years old at the time, and I had not 7 to school yet. The play was given in a tent on a vacant lot.

    My father and mother, with my sisters and me, 8 to town in a carriage, drawn by a team of spirited driving 9. Father was late getting his evening work 10 ， and when we arrived at the show, there was standing 11 only. Of course, I was too small to see well, as we were in the back of the tent, so father 12 me up on his shoulders.

    In the time between then and the 13 ， I have sat in a large Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles and marveled(惊叹) at the vast crowd of 14 there. However, of all the 15 I have witnessed, the little play, Uncle Tom's Cabin, still remains most 16 in my mind. I did not understand 17the moral of the play at the time, 18in later years, when studying history, I knew it 19 the freeing of the slaves and also the cause of the great 20 between the North and the South. But the golden memories will be in my mind forever to remind me of the hard pleasure from the hard times.