Recently, four professors of neuroscience were awarded the Brain Prize for their lifechanging contributions to the research on migraines (偏头痛), a disease previously not understood well.
Professor Michael Moskowitz from Harvard Medical School, Peter Goadsby from King's College London, Lars Edvinsson from Lund University in Sweden, and Jes Olesen from Rigshospitalet, Denmark, were celebrated as the recipients of the Brain Prize, the world's most distinguished award highlighting achievements in brain research. The Crow n Prince of Denmark presented the four professors with a grand prize of roughly 1.5 million dollars on October 25 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Migraines remain one of the most serious and common neurological illnesses millions around the world suffer. Studies show that women are three times more likely to experience frequent and intense migraines than men, and symptoms can last up to 24 hours. Typically, these intense head-throbbing pains are also accompanied by vomiting (呕吐), dizziness and sensitivity to sound, light, and touch.
After over forty years of research, the four professors pinpointed the major cause—chemicals released within the brain. Previously, the main causes of migraines were thought to be stress, pressure or anxiety. In 1979, Professor Michael Moskowitz discovered that headaches occur when thin nerves are found in our head and face to interact with a highly-sensitive membrane (膜) surrounding our brain, releasing chemicals called neuropeptides. These chemicals can then cause the blood vessels in our head to expand and also send pain signals to the brain. Later, research by Professor Goadsby and Edvinsson revealed that the specific neuropeptide which plays the central role in causing the intense headache is calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Then, Professor Olesen's work further confirmed that CGRP is indeed responsible for the pain, rather than a chemical produced in the brain as a result of the migraines.
The work by these scientists paves the way for developing more effective medicine. While past treatments can only temporarily stop the pain, scientists say that the newly developed drugs not only prevent migraines but also don't cause the harmful side effects patients had to endure.
The Global Food Donation Policy Atlas has issued a recent report in order to recommend ways to increase food donations, reduce food waste, and fight hunger, which may help Kenyan leaders meet 2030 food waste reduction goals.
Food donation can reroute eatable food—that would otherwise give off greenhouse gasses in a landfill—to those experiencing hunger. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 3.5 million Kenyans, roughly 37 percent of the population, face severe hunger. At the same time, the Policy Atlas reports roughly 40 percent of food produced within Kenya goes to waste. But Broad Leib, Deputy Director of Harvard Law School Food Law and Policy Clinic (FLPC), sees some promising changes. "While progress is not happening as quickly as needed, Kenya's food loss index has been steadily reduced from 1,744 metric tons in 2017, to1,531 in 2018, to 1,446 metric tons in 2019, indicating a steady improvement and national commitment to food loss reduction," reports Broad Leib.
According to the Policy Atlas, motivating food donation with rewards is particularly important, which helps food donors and food recovery organizations make up for costs necessary for recovery, storing, processing, and transporting food for donation.
"A major driver of food waste is inconsistent or unclear date labels that cause confusion among all actors along the value chain and limit the ability of businesses to donate food. This increases the likelihood that much safe food will go to waste," Broad Leib tells Food Tank. However, he acknowledges Kenya's current dual (双的) date labeling laws. While food may lose its freshness over time, it is still edible before expiration (到期). Dual date labeling on packaged foods reduces confusion by defining dates for both safety and quality. This helps reduce considerable waste and responsibility for donors.
Broad Leib believes that the private sector can also play a significant role in decreasing food waste in Kenya. It is vital for consumer education campaigns. FLPC's research shows that public-private initiatives can help raise awareness among consumers and donors around issues of food waste and food donation.
Before we the ship, Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our most —the small boats, our food, the cook stove, candles, clothes, and .
1）活动目的；
2）活动内容；
3）活动反响。
注意：
1）写作词数应为 80左右；
2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
a change in our bad habits, we must first our bad habit cycles and then try adapt them.
She had her nails, then she went into an expensive clothes shop.
"Women do not own lands in my community except if they are able to buy one, as most of the lands in a family are passed on to the male children. So a woman who intends to own a land must be prepared to work hard."
Monica Maigari was born and raised in her native community of Madakiya, located in the southern part of Kaduna state of northwestern Nigeria. In 2014, her achievements as a farmer, community leader, and women's advocate won her recognition as an Oxfam Female Food Hero. Since that time, she has deepened her involvement in the local community while sharing her skills with influential audiences.
Monica has been a farmer for more than 30 years. Despite great challenges faced by rural women farmers, such as land accessibility, labour costs, market access, and climate change, she has achieved great success. She started with a small field for crop cultivation in 1984 then expanded into various crops and livestock farming. Like all farmers in her region, Monica's agricultural productivity is threatened by climate change. She is leading her community in adapting to the effects while challenging policymakers to act.
In November 2014, out of the 1,280 contestants nationwide, Monica won the Female Food Hero title for her innovative and leadership qualities. Against local practices, she chose to purchase farmland with her prize money in order to reduce the cost of renting a land and help plough back (把……再投资) that money into her agribusiness.
She describes the FFH as being a truly life changing experience, "I acquired several skills. I was taught the value chain. My productivity and income has steadily increased. I am more financially stable." Since her recognition from Oxfam, Monica has been in demand as a speaker throughout Nigeria and abroad, and she is now able to educate other female farmers. Realizing this yet always humble, Monica simply describes herself as "a hard-working woman devoted to encouraging women especially those less privileged to go into agriculture".
1）现状说明；
2）具体措施；
3）发出倡议。
注意：
1）词数80左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Albert Einstein, perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered as one of smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous (contribute)to the world, the most well-known (be) the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc
2. He was not only a genius, but also a (courage) and kind person.
Einstein was born in Germany on 14 March
1879. He (enter) university in 1896 and graduated in
1900. In 1905, he earned a doctorate in physics and published four extraordinary physics papers. In 1922, he (award) the Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In 1933, he was forced (flee) Germany and (eventual) took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA.
Although Einstein was a genius, he sometimes, forgot things. He was loved by his friends and neighbors for his humor. He even made friends with a little girl, asked for help with her homework.
In 1955, Einstein passed . The whole world mourned the great loss of the scientist. Till now, Einstein is remembered and respected by the public.
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